Difference between revisions of "Mechyrdian Standard English"
(Add pronoun tables) |
(Undo the J/DSCH change.) |
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| Line 87: | Line 87: | ||
|/ʃ/ | |/ʃ/ | ||
|sch | |sch | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
|- | |- | ||
|gh | |gh | ||
| Line 102: | Line 98: | ||
|s | |s | ||
|/s/ (intervocalic) | |/s/ (intervocalic) | ||
| − | |ss (after short vowel)<br/>ß (after long vowel) | + | |ss (after short vowel)<br />ß (after long vowel) |
|- | |- | ||
|z | |z | ||
|/z/ | |/z/ | ||
|s | |s | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
|- | |- | ||
|y | |y | ||
|/i/ | |/i/ | ||
| − | | | + | |ü (sometimes) |
|- | |- | ||
|wh | |wh | ||
| Line 255: | Line 247: | ||
The examples given above are ''mann'' "man" and ''hand'' "hand". | The examples given above are ''mann'' "man" and ''hand'' "hand". | ||
| − | ===== Pronouns ===== | + | =====Pronouns===== |
Mechyrdian English personal pronouns are similar to Terran English, however there is a distinction between 2nd person singular and 2nd person plural, and the pronouns' possessive forms are also inflected for a case system: | Mechyrdian English personal pronouns are similar to Terran English, however there is a distinction between 2nd person singular and 2nd person plural, and the pronouns' possessive forms are also inflected for a case system: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| − | ! rowspan="2"| Pronouns | + | ! rowspan="2" |Pronouns |
| − | ! colspan="2"| 1st person | + | ! colspan="2" |1st person |
| − | ! colspan="2"| 2nd person | + | ! colspan="2" |2nd person |
| − | ! colspan="4"| 3rd person | + | ! colspan="4" |3rd person |
|- | |- | ||
!Singular | !Singular | ||
| Line 278: | Line 270: | ||
|we | |we | ||
|þou | |þou | ||
| − | | | + | |you |
|he | |he | ||
|sche | |sche | ||
|it | |it | ||
| − | | | + | |þey |
|- | |- | ||
!Genitive | !Genitive | ||
| Line 318: | Line 310: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| − | ! rowspan="2"| Possessive Pronouns | + | ! rowspan="2" |Possessive Pronouns |
| − | ! colspan="2"| 1st person Singular | + | ! colspan="2" |1st person Singular |
| − | ! colspan="2"| 1st person Plural | + | ! colspan="2" |1st person Plural |
| − | ! colspan="2"| 2nd person Singular | + | ! colspan="2" |2nd person Singular |
| − | ! colspan="2"| 2nd person Plural | + | ! colspan="2" |2nd person Plural |
|- | |- | ||
!Singular | !Singular | ||
| Line 374: | Line 366: | ||
|} | |} | ||
| − | ==== Verbs ==== | + | ====Verbs==== |
Mechyrdian English also uses more archaically styled verb conjugations. The typical verb conjugation table is as follows: | Mechyrdian English also uses more archaically styled verb conjugations. The typical verb conjugation table is as follows: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| Line 382: | Line 374: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Infinitive | !Infinitive | ||
| − | | colspan="2"| -en<br />''besöken''<br/>''lüften'' | + | | colspan="2" | -en<br />''besöken''<br />''lüften'' |
|- | |- | ||
| − | ! colspan="3"| Indicative | + | ! colspan="3" |Indicative |
|- | |- | ||
| − | ! 1st Singular | + | !1st Singular |
| − | | -a<br/>''besöka''<br/>''lüfta'' | + | | -a<br />''besöka''<br />''lüfta'' |
| -d<br />''besöked''<br />''lüfted'' | | -d<br />''besöked''<br />''lüfted'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | ! 2nd Singular | + | !2nd Singular |
| − | | -st<br/>''besökest''<br/>''lüftest'' | + | | -st<br />''besökest''<br />''lüftest'' |
| -d<br />''besöked''<br />''lüfted'' | | -d<br />''besöked''<br />''lüfted'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | ! 3rd Singular | + | !3rd Singular |
| − | | -þ<br/>''besökeþ''<br/>''lüfteþ'' | + | | -þ<br />''besökeþ''<br />''lüfteþ'' |
| -d<br />''besöked''<br />''lüfted'' | | -d<br />''besöked''<br />''lüfted'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | ! Plural | + | !Plural |
| − | | -n<br/>''besöken''<br/>''lüften'' | + | | -n<br />''besöken''<br />''lüften'' |
| -nd<br />''besökend''<br />''lüftend'' | | -nd<br />''besökend''<br />''lüftend'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | ! Participle | + | !Participle |
| − | | -ing<br/>''besöking''<br/>''lüfting'' | + | | -ing<br />''besöking''<br />''lüfting'' |
| − | | -d<br/>''besöked''<br/>''lüfted'' | + | | -d<br />''besöked''<br />''lüfted'' |
|- | |- | ||
| − | ! colspan="3"| Subjunctive | + | ! colspan="3" |Subjunctive |
|- | |- | ||
| − | ! Singular | + | !Singular |
| − | | -a<br/>''besöka''<br/>''lüfta'' | + | | -a<br />''besöka''<br />''lüfta'' |
| -d<br />''besöked''<br />''lüfted'' | | -d<br />''besöked''<br />''lüfted'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | ! Plural | + | !Plural |
| − | | -n<br/>''besöken''<br/>''lüften'' | + | | -n<br />''besöken''<br />''lüften'' |
| -nd<br />''besökend''<br />''lüftend'' | | -nd<br />''besökend''<br />''lüftend'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | ! rowspan="2"| Imperative | + | ! rowspan="2" |Imperative |
| − | ! Singular | + | !Singular |
| − | ! Plural | + | !Plural |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | --<br/>''besök''<br/>''lüft'' | + | | --<br />''besök''<br />''lüft'' |
| − | | -þ<br/>''besökeþ''<br/>''lüfteþ'' | + | | -þ<br />''besökeþ''<br />''lüfteþ'' |
|} | |} | ||
===Vocabulary=== | ===Vocabulary=== | ||
Mechyrdian English had disposed of many of its non-Germanic-origin words. Words like "Emperor", "state", and "army" are replaced with ''keser'', ''rike'', and ''häre''.{{Mechyrdia}} | Mechyrdian English had disposed of many of its non-Germanic-origin words. Words like "Emperor", "state", and "army" are replaced with ''keser'', ''rike'', and ''häre''.{{Mechyrdia}} | ||
Latest revision as of 21:20, 12 November 2019
Mechyrdian Standard English is the variety of English spoken in Mechyrdia. It is significantly different from the Age of Earth's English, as it was reformed to have older, more historical elements reinserted into it.
Contents
Differences from Terran English
Phonology and orthography
Perhaps the most notable difference is that Mechyrdian English undoes the Great Vowel Shift and its corresponding consonant changes. This results in a continental vowel system, one that sounds more Germanic and European than Insular English used to.
| Vowel | Long sound | Short sound |
|---|---|---|
| I | /iː/ | /ɪ/ |
| E | /eː/ | /ɛ/ |
| A | /aː/ | /a/ |
| O | /oː/ | /ɔ/ |
| U | /uː/ | /ʊ/ |
| Always-long vowels | ||
| EI | /iː/ | |
| EA | /ɛː/ | |
| OA | /ɔː/ | |
| OU | /uː/ | |
| Umlaut vowels | ||
| Ä | /ɛː/ | /ɛ/ |
| Ö | /eː/ | /ɛ/ |
| Ü | /iː/ | /ɪ/ |
There are also numerous orthographic changes, notably the replacement of the TH digraph with the letter þ (thorn).
| Terran English | Phonemic values | Mechyrdian English |
|---|---|---|
| th | /θ/, /ð/ | þ |
| c | /k/ | k |
| c | /s/ → /ts/ | z |
| ch | /tʃ/ | tsch |
| sh | /ʃ/ | sch |
| gh | /x/ | ch |
| ei, ie | /iː/ | ei |
| s | /s/ (intervocalic) | ss (after short vowel) ß (after long vowel) |
| z | /z/ | s |
| y | /i/ | ü (sometimes) |
| wh | /h/ + /w/ → /ʍ/ | hw |
Umlaut
Mechyrdian English uses the umlaut diacritic to mark grammatical umlaut on words. Words like fote "foot" become föte "feet" in the plural; mann "man" becomes männ "men"; muße "mouse" becomes müße "mice"; goße "goose" becomes göße "geese". Two-letter vowels, such as EA, OA, and OU, are avoided in these words; this is why mouse became muße.
Old English Palatalization
Mechyrdian English undoes some of the palatalized consonants of Old English. Words like church become kirk, beseech becomes besöken, bridge becomes brügg, day becomes dag, choose becomes kosen, etc.
Grammar
Nouns and Articles
Mechyrdian English maintains a case system for its nouns, inflected in the definite and indefinite articles, as well as the word þes "this". It also has two genders: common and neuter.
| Definite Article | Common | Neuter | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | þe | þat | þe |
| Genitive | þes | þes | þer |
| Dative | þem | þem | þem |
| Accusative | þen | þat | þe |
The indefinite article has two different endings for some of its forms, one before words starting in vowels, and one before word starting in consonants.
| Indefinite Article | Before Vowel | Before Consonant |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | an | a |
| Genitive | ans | ans |
| Dative | am | am |
| Accusative | an | an |
The proximal demonstrative is not to be confused with the definite article, as both start with þ and have some similar forms.
| Proximal Demonstrative | Common | Neuter | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | þes | þis | þese |
| Genitive | þisses | þisses | þisser |
| Dative | þim | þim | þim |
| Accusative | þissen | þis | þese |
Nouns themselves inflect a separate genitive case, replacing the old apostrophe-S possessive ending.
| Strong Noun | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -- dag wist |
-s dags wists |
| Genitive | -s dags wists |
-a daga wista |
The examples given above are dag "day" and wist "essence".
Mechyrdian English distinguishes strong nouns and weak nouns.
| Weak Noun | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -- bite gume |
-n biten gumen |
| Genitive | -n biten gumen |
-n biten gumen |
The examples given above are bite "bite" and gume "human".
Nouns that use umlaut for plurals have a different inflection pattern:
| Umlaut Noun | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -- mann hand |
(U) -- männ händ |
| Genitive | -s mans hands |
-a manna handa |
The examples given above are mann "man" and hand "hand".
Pronouns
Mechyrdian English personal pronouns are similar to Terran English, however there is a distinction between 2nd person singular and 2nd person plural, and the pronouns' possessive forms are also inflected for a case system:
| Pronouns | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Plural | |
| Nominative | I | we | þou | you | he | sche | it | þey |
| Genitive | mine | our | þine | awer | his | her | its | þer |
| Dative | me | ous | þe | aw | him | her | im | þem |
| Accusative | me | ous | þe | aw | hin | her | it | þem |
Like Terran English, the "default" grammatical gender for people of unknown or unspecified gender is the masculine gender.
| Possessive Pronouns | 1st person Singular | 1st person Plural | 2nd person Singular | 2nd person Plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | mine | mina | our | our | þine | þina | awer | awerra |
| Genitive | mines | miner | ours | oura | þines | þiner | awers | awerra |
| Dative | minem | minem | ourm | ourm | þinem | þinem | awerm | awerm |
| Accusative | mina | mina | ourn | our | þina | þina | awern | awer |
Verbs
Mechyrdian English also uses more archaically styled verb conjugations. The typical verb conjugation table is as follows:
| Verb | Present | Past |
|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | -en besöken lüften | |
| Indicative | ||
| 1st Singular | -a besöka lüfta |
-d besöked lüfted |
| 2nd Singular | -st besökest lüftest |
-d besöked lüfted |
| 3rd Singular | -þ besökeþ lüfteþ |
-d besöked lüfted |
| Plural | -n besöken lüften |
-nd besökend lüftend |
| Participle | -ing besöking lüfting |
-d besöked lüfted |
| Subjunctive | ||
| Singular | -a besöka lüfta |
-d besöked lüfted |
| Plural | -n besöken lüften |
-nd besökend lüftend |
| Imperative | Singular | Plural |
| -- besök lüft |
-þ besökeþ lüfteþ | |
Vocabulary
Mechyrdian English had disposed of many of its non-Germanic-origin words. Words like "Emperor", "state", and "army" are replaced with keser, rike, and häre.
